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This volume of Methods in Enzymology covers the current methodology for the detection and assessment of constitutively active proteins. The chapters written by expert authors who are leaders in the field, provide hints and tricks not available in primary research publications.It is extensively referenced, with useful figures and tables throughout the volume. A. Expert authors who are leaders in the field B. Extensively referenced and useful figures and tables C. Provides hints and tricks to facilitate reproduction of methods

Proteins. --- Cell receptors. --- Cellular signal transduction. --- G proteins. --- Phosphotransferases (Alcohol Group Acceptor) --- Membrane Proteins --- Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins --- Phosphotransferases --- Chemicals and Drugs --- Transferases --- Enzymes --- Enzymes and Coenzymes --- Proteins --- Protein Kinases --- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled --- Receptors, Cell Surface --- Human Anatomy & Physiology --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Animal Biochemistry --- Cell membrane receptors --- Cell surface receptors --- Receptors, Cell --- Proteids --- Binding sites (Biochemistry) --- Cell membranes --- Biomolecules --- Polypeptides --- Proteomics

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Parasitic protozoa, including some which are agents of human and veterinary diseases, display special cytoplasmic structures and organelles. Metabolic pathways have been discovered in these organelles which open up new possibilities for drug targets. This work presents reviews dealing with cytoskeletal structures such as the mastigont system found in trichomonads, the sub-pellicular microtubules in trypanosomatids and the paraflagellar rod. Further chapters cover structures involved in the synthesis, secretion and uptake of molecules, including the flagellar pocket of trypanosomatids, the reservosome of Trypanosoma and the megasome found in Leishmania, the traffic of vesicles in Entamoeba histolytica, secretory organelles and the secretory events of intestinal parasites during encystation. Reviews on special organelles, such as the kinetoplast-mitochondrion complex, the apicoplast found in Apicomplexa, the glycosomes in Kinetoplastida and the acidocalcisomes found in several protozoa complete the volume.

Cell organelles. --- Protista. --- Protozoa, Pathogenic --- Protista --- Protozoa --- Cytology --- Cytoskeleton --- Parasites --- Cell organelles --- Proteins --- Cytoplasmic Structures --- Organisms --- Cytoplasm --- Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins --- Protozoan Proteins --- Organelles --- Eukaryota --- Intracellular Space --- Chemicals and Drugs --- Cellular Structures --- Cells --- Anatomy --- Biology --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Microbiology & Immunology --- Protozoa, Pathogenic. --- Protists --- Pathogenic protozoa --- Life sciences. --- Microbiology. --- Life Sciences. --- Unicellular organisms --- Eukaryotic cells --- Pathogenic microorganisms --- Medical protozoology --- Microbial biology --- Microorganisms

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The fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) represent one of the relatively few families of extracellular signalling peptides that have been shown in recent decades to be key regulators of metazoan development. FGFs are required for multiple processes in both protostome and deuterostome groups. Given the wide range of regulatory roles attributed to the FGFs, it is perhaps not surprising that misregulation of this signalling pathway has been implicated in a number of human disease conditions. The focus of the present review is to look at the fundamental components of the FGF pathway and illustrate how this highly conserved regulatory cassette has been deployed to regulate multiple, diverse processes during vertebrate development. This review will explore examples from several vertebrate model organisms and include discussions of the role of FGF signalling in regulating the establishment of the mesoderm, neural patterning, morphogenesis, myogenesis, limb development, and the establishment of right-left asymmetry.

Fibroblast growth factors. --- Vertebrates -- Development. --- Vertebrates -- Growth & development. --- Fibroblast Growth Factors --- Chordata --- Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins --- Animals --- Biological Factors --- Proteins --- Eukaryota --- Peptides --- Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins --- Organisms --- Chemicals and Drugs --- Fibroblast Growth Factor 1 --- Vertebrates --- Zoology --- Human Anatomy & Physiology --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Animal Biochemistry --- Animal Anatomy & Embryology --- Growth factors. --- Growth. --- Fibroblast Growth Factors. --- growth & development. --- Fibroblast growth factor --- Mesoderm --- Neurectoderm --- Xenopus --- Organogenesis --- Somites --- Limb --- MyoD --- Somitogenesis --- Morphogenesis --- Left-right asymmetry --- MAPK --- Sprouty --- ERK --- Map kinase phosphatase --- Signal transduction

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In 1890 a case of myxedema was treated in Lisbon by the implantation of a sheep thyroid gland with the immediate improvement in the patient’s condition. A few years later, medications for the then ill-explained condition of the menopause included tablets made from cow ovaries. In the first quarter of the 20th century the identification of vitamin D, and its sunlight driven production in skin, paved the way to the elimination of rickets as a major medical problem. Twenty years or so later, Sir Vincent Wigglesworth established the endocrine basis of developmental moulting in insects, arguably the most commonly performed animal behaviour on Planet Earth. A paradigm that would unify these disparate observations arose between 1985 and 1987 beginning with the identification of the glucocorticoid receptor and the nuclear receptor super-family. What follows is a timely and positive manifestation of the capacity, productivity and value of international human scientific endeavour. Based on intrigue, lively competition and cooperation a global effort has rapidly fostered a school of biology with widespread ramifications for the understanding of metazoan animals, the human condition and the state of the planet. This book is the first this century to try and capture the spirit of this endeavour, to depict where the field is now and to identify some of the challenges and opportunities for the future.

Nuclear receptors (Biochemistry). --- Nuclear receptors (Biochemistry) --- DNA-Binding Proteins --- Transcription Factors --- Cell Physiological Processes --- Proteins --- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear --- Cell Communication --- Cell Physiological Phenomena --- Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins --- Chemicals and Drugs --- Phenomena and Processes --- Biology --- Cytology --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Biochemistry. --- Biological chemistry --- Chemical composition of organisms --- Organisms --- Physiological chemistry --- Nuclear hormone receptors --- Receptors, Nuclear (Biochemistry) --- Receptors, Nuclear hormone --- Composition --- Medicine. --- Endocrinology. --- Oncology. --- Cell biology. --- Biomedicine. --- Biomedicine general. --- Cell Biology. --- Animal Biochemistry. --- Chemistry --- Medical sciences --- Hormone receptors --- Transcription factors

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The microcirculation is highly responsive to, and a vital participant in, the inflammatory response. All segments of the microvasculature (arterioles, capillaries, and venules) exhibit characteristic phenotypic changes during inflammation that appear to be directed toward enhancing the delivery of inflammatory cells to the injured/infected tissue, isolating the region from healthy tissue and the systemic circulation, and setting the stage for tissue repair and regeneration. The best characterized responses of the microcirculation to inflammation include impaired vasomotor function, reduced capillary perfusion, adhesion of leukocytes and platelets, activation of the coagulation cascade, and enhanced thrombosis, increased vascular permeability, and an increase in the rate of proliferation of blood and lymphatic vessels. A variety of cells that normally circulate in blood (leukocytes, platelets) or reside within the vessel wall (endothelial cells, pericytes) or in the perivascular space (mast cells, macrophages) are activated in response to inflammation. The activation products and chemical mediators released from these cells act through different well-characterized signaling pathways to induce the phenotypic changes in microvessel function that accompany inflammation. Drugs that target a specific microvascular response to inflammation, such as leukocyte-endothelial cell adhesion or angiogenesis, have shown promise in both the preclinical and clinical studies of inflammatory disease. Future research efforts in this area will likely identify new avenues for therapeutic intervention in inflammation.

Inflammation. --- Microcirculation -- Pathophysiology. --- Microcirculation -- Physiopathology. --- Microcirculation. --- Pathologic Processes --- Membrane Glycoproteins --- Biological Transport --- Blood Circulation --- Antigens, Surface --- Cardiovascular Physiological Phenomena --- Glycoproteins --- Cardiovascular Physiological Processes --- Antigens --- Metabolism --- Circulatory and Respiratory Physiological Phenomena --- Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms --- Membrane Proteins --- Proteins --- Diseases --- Phenomena and Processes --- Biological Factors --- Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins --- Chemicals and Drugs --- Capillary Permeability --- Cell Adhesion Molecules --- Inflammation --- Microcirculation --- Medicine --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Cardiovascular Diseases --- Microcirculation disorders. --- Vasomotor function --- Leukocyte adhesion --- Vascular permeability --- Thrombosis --- Angiogenesis